注意力不足过动症的非药物治疗
注意力不足过动症的非药物治疗是注意力不足过动症的治疗方式之一。
行为治疗被认为是对注意力不足过动症孩子进行行为介入具有实证性效果的方法。透过系统化的行为分析,了解孩子犯错的模式,并且配合后果增强与削弱的方法,以及教导他正确的行为模式,例如:懂得等待、轮流等观念,减少他冲动、过动而引起的人际冲突、人际互动的情绪调节、情绪管理。
专攻注意力不足过动症的认知行为治疗,对于治疗年纪接近或已经是成人的注意力不足过动症患者来说是有效的。(例如:愤怒管理、时间管理、改善包括记忆力、计画及执行能力、自我启发能力、自我体察在内的执行功能等。)[3][4][5]
许多ADHD支持团体的存在得以作为许多家庭的正确治疗资讯来源而且能协助家庭一起管理ADHD。[6]
对于那些学龄前且仅有些微注意力不足过动症症状的孩童,已建议“行为治疗”为治疗该族群的第一线疗法。[7]
[8]
[9]
行为方面的治疗 | 简介 |
---|---|
心理教育 | 以医学实证为根据的疗法,用以协助患者以及他的爱人了解疾病的资讯并提供支持,以便让他们能更有效地面对一个疾病。[10][11][12] |
行为治疗 | 行为治疗家主张心理障碍中表现的异常行为如同正常行为一样是可以习得的,可以通过基本的条件作用原理和学习原理而使心理障碍得到矫正的。[13][14]
此外,对于儿童来说,行为治疗将协助孩子与其家长学习一些技巧:
|
认知行为治疗 | 改变认知的方式,让孩子们学会以不同的、新的正向想法,来取代原先错误的、旧有的负面想法。[15]
对于成人来说,认知行为治疗将协助他们改善ADHD的核心症状—执行功能不足:[注 1] |
人际取向心理治疗 | 人际取向的心理治疗的中心思想是“既然人际关系和生活中的大小事能影响心情;那么反过来,心情也能影响人际关系和生活中的大小事”。[19] |
家庭治疗(也称:家族治疗) | 当前的证据表明MTA模式的行为治疗中的家族治疗的疗效类似普通精神科门诊的照护(通常包含ADHD药物治疗)且优于完全不治疗ADHD。[20][21][22] |
学校资源介入 | |
社交技巧训练 | 学习与“非正涉入违法行为的年轻人和同侪”交朋友对于ADHD孩子来说十分重要,因为这能显著降低往后人生可能出现的问题,例如:忧郁症、犯罪、在学过程遇到的各种挫折和物质滥用的机率[23][24]。 |
运用同侪的行为干预 | |
组织规划能力与技巧的培养 | |
生活管理能力与技巧的培养 | |
父母管理训练 | 父母管理训练可能直接改善孩子的行为问题,例如:对立反抗的举止或违抗指令的言行。 [25]环境的支持有利于注意力不足过动症的治疗[26][27][28][29][30]。 |
团体心理治疗 | 一群特定人们与治疗师透过团体活动达成治疗目标的一种心理治疗。[31] |
生理(神经、脑波)回馈 | 当前脑波回馈是否具有疗效仍然未知。[32] |
行为改正 | 证据表明具有一定益处。[23] |
语言治疗 | 台湾的中央健保署自2014年起同意台湾的儿童青少年精神科医师可以如同复健科医师及“耳、鼻、喉科医师”一般开立“语言治疗”的处方。[33] |
应用行为分析 | 先厘清行为与环境之间的交互作用关系后再协助行为改变。[34][35] |
正念疗法 |
正念疗法尚需更多研究来证明其有效性。[4] |
婚姻谘商 | [36] |
职业谘商 | [36] |
ADHD教练 | [36] |
目前对于精神疾患的治疗方式是基于生物-心理-社会模式,良好的精神治疗模式必须结合生物医学、心理治疗,以及社会复健计画。
例如:思觉失调症患者在疾病急性发作住院期间,给予药物协助缓解正性症状。病房中也会由专业人员,例如:精神科医师、精神科护理师、临床心理师、谘商心理师、职能治疗师、精神科社工师等,带领团体治疗,或者给予个别治疗。而在急性症状缓解后,患者、家属和医疗团队一同讨论复健计画,例如到复健病房、日间留院或者工作坊,透过复健计画,有效增加病识感(患者对于自身以及自身疾病的认识程度[37][38])、学习独立生活能力、改善家庭与社会关系。
药物能帮助注意力不足过动症患者从生理上稳定情绪、增进专注力和组织规划能力,降低不适当言行的出现。[39]
著重在“常在成人患者身上观察到的执行功能缺失”的认知行为治疗,主要协助患者治疗以下问题[40][41]:
- 难以持续掌握任务和活动、难以对任务或活动抱持恒心。
- 拖延。
- 有分辨事情缓急轻重的困难。
- 缺乏管理能力。
- 做短期和长期计画的能力不符合患者年龄该有的成熟度。[42]
美国国家心理健康机构建议成人注意力不足过动症患者:
- 依照事情的类别建立各自的行事历。例如:家庭行事历、工作行事历、医疗行事历等。[43]
《找回专注力:成人ADHD全方位自助手册》一书中指出,对于年纪稍长的注意力不足过动症患者来说,要习得正向的情绪表达方法和社交技巧并养成良好规律且有秩序的生活习惯则有赖患者身体力行,善用认知行为治疗的原理。“认知行为治疗”分为“认知治疗”和“行为治疗”两部分。[39]
认知治疗包含:心理建设、正面回馈、卫教、和思考练习来建立正确的观念和健康的态度、激发改变的动机、鼓舞自信和提升勇气,远离负面思考。 行为治疗是运用“刺激-反应”的原理,把一个大目标切成许多小目标,并加上正面的酬赏作为鼓励,帮助患者一步一步的接近小目标,一次又一次的完成小目标,整个大目标即随之而成。 成功完成某阶段的目标后,便可适度提高挑战性,例如:从“持续做一件事达15分钟”变成“持续做一件事达30分钟”以此类推,逐步建立起良好的习惯。最后就可以顺利达成连续做一件事情达一个小时的愿景[39]。除此之外增加“环境结构”[注 2]、学习分辨事情的缓急轻重[44]、学习“改善ADHD症状的实用技巧与策略”[注 3]也是行为治疗的主轴,然后再辅以其他行为治疗的方式。(其他的行为治疗方式并非不重要)
《家有过动儿:帮助ADHD孩子快乐成长》一书中指出,对于年纪轻轻的小孩来说,由于自我能力有限,因此行为治疗以“课堂上的行为治疗”及“家中的行为治疗”为主,其他的行为治疗方式为辅。(其他的行为治疗方式并非不重要) [15][45] 书中并建议“让孩子承担适度的责任”,孩子表现出来的态度往往令人惊喜。[15]:133-134
- 学校
《家有过动儿:帮助ADHD孩子快乐成长》一书中指出,学校老师可以多提供“正向动机”,包含:课前提醒和课堂中的鼓励。而在孩子的座位安排上尽可能减少能让他/她分心的诱因。允许孩子把作业分批次写完并在课堂上保留小组讨论的时间、与孩子共同讨论规范与自由。[15]
课堂外的策略:
- 协助孩子找出在特定情境下出现的问题。[15]
- 找出孩子正确的行为。譬如说:需要排队时,他可以乖乖地待在队伍中;或者先让孩子在一旁做别的事,等到快轮到孩子时,再来排队。[15]
- 在教师训练中选择有教授ADHD相关知识和行为训练的技巧的课程。[15]
- 灵活应用“奖励制度”及“正增强”来鼓励、鼓舞孩子的正向行为。[15]
- 与孩子一起找出问题是什么、该怎么解决、有哪些好方法、这些好方法中哪个方法“可能”是最好的、实际做做看、实验结果分析探讨。[15]
Template:See also2 《家有过动儿:帮助ADHD孩子快乐成长》一书中指出,ADHD的孩子无论在校内或校外常属于弱势的一群,容易被误会。回家后又容易因为粗心大意挨骂[46]。ADHD孩子与一般孩子一样努力,想要有好表现,得到赞美;但却事与愿违,他们常常失败,长期缺乏肯定与成就感。因此容易因情绪压力而衍生出其他共病。[15] 父母与孩子沟通,彼此交换想法的过程,当如平时一般,心平气和。愤怒会阻碍亲子之间的沟通。[15][47]
在台湾,有儿童心智科医师在从事注意力不足过动症(ADHD)的临床医疗过程中发现,照护ADHD的核心困难之一乃ADHD孩子的照护需要其照顾者投注长期的心力,然而通常作为ADHD孩子照护者的孩子父母又往往因为孩子的ADHD症状对其家庭生活及学校生活所造成的负面影响而有长期负担,此情形下,不容易长期提供有ADHD的孩子完善的照顾。医疗团队于是建立以医疗专业、家庭两者为互动主体,互相灌注支持能量并携手成长的长期照护模式,并称之为“共同行动模式”[48][49]。
Template:See also2 Template:Multiple images
在行为治疗期间,治疗师会定期与家庭成员会晤以观察进度并提供持续的支持[注 4]。在会晤中,家长现场实习从治疗师那学来的技巧,即便疗程结束,家庭成员仍能持续感受到行为的改善以及压力的减轻。[53]家长能在父母教育训练中学到三种核心能力:正向沟通、正向激励/强化、结构与一致的纪律/规范/规则[53]。
- 用“爱”来沟通
- 倾听与陪伴[54]
- “父母教育方式与ADHD孩子说谎”之间的关系
任职于奇美医院的奖斐忠政医师表示,大人常给了ADHD孩子不切实际的要求,例如:受到注意力不足干扰的孩子,本来写作业就可能需要较多的时间,此时大人如果没有考虑到小朋友能力上的限制,不从根本去做调整,只是要求结果,命令孩子在半小时后上床躺平,否则就要处罚。在这样不合理要求的情况下,要小朋友不说谎,就非常困难。[55]
奖斐忠政表示,了解ADHD孩子每次说谎背后的需求、ADHD对他所造成的困难、以及孩子说谎背后的动机,并且撇开道德、个性的审判,从根本的方面去思考探讨,下次就可以用更好的方式解决问题。[55]
充足的睡眠能提升学习力与专注力,也能让身体得到足够的休养。正常的生长激素分泌有赖规律及足够的睡眠[56][57]。研究指出,台湾孩子的睡眠时数相较其他国家,少了大约一个半小时[15][58][59]。足够的睡眠能让有ADHD的孩子更专注、更能自我控制 [60]。相形之下,睡眠不足连带使得身体与精神状况不佳,情绪较容易低落,形成恶性循环。[61][62][63] 注意力不足过动症往往直接导致患者“难以入睡”、“即便入睡,也难以持续多久”,这与注意力不足过动症所导致的“内在和外在的不安宁”[注 5]有关。[64][65]
治疗ADHD或许能改善患者因ADHD之“内在和外在的不安宁”等症状所引起的睡眠问题[66][67][68];同理,改善睡眠品质或许能改善ADHD的症状。[68] [69][64] 研究指出,“规律”的睡眠有助于提升睡眠品质,良好的睡眠品质会有较好的精神且能改善注意力不足过动症的症状[64][70] [71]。 Template:Further2
适度且规律的运动,特别是有氧运动有助于改善许多中枢神经系统疾患的症状,也证实为注意力不足过动症的有效附加疗法[注 6][39][44][3][72][73][74][75][76]。
长期规律的运动合并正规治疗,将有更乐观的预后(治疗效果)-较好的行为以及运动协调性、大脑执行功能的提升(包含大脑认知领域中的:注意力、冲动克制力、和计画组织的能力)、更快速的资讯处理速度、和更棒的记忆力。 [39][44][3][72][74][75][77]
统计由父母及教师填答的《孩子行为和社交情绪评量表》,结果显示长期规律的有氧运动带给孩子的效果是:身体所有功能的提升、ADHD的症状减缓、焦虑和忧郁的程度下降、身体症状减少、较佳的课业及课堂中的表现、社交技巧进步。[72]
药物治疗合并规律的运动能放大中枢神经刺激剂作用于执行功能上的效果。[72]运动带来的效果被认为是因为运动增加了脑中神经突触间多巴胺和正肾上腺素的浓度。[72]
Template:See also2 健康及营养均衡的饮食(食物、饮用水及饮料)是保持身心健康的基础。补充维生素和矿物质(例如:维他命B群、维他命C、铁、镁及碘等)对于改善ADHD病情的功效,尚有待更多的实验证明。[78][79][80][注 7]
饮食的调整可能对少部份的ADHD儿童有帮助[84],一份2013年的统合分析针对有ADHD症状,而且有补充游离脂肪酸或是减少食用有人工色素食品的儿童的相关研究发现,只有不到三分之一的儿童在症状上有改善[85],这方面的助益有可能只是对有食物敏感的儿童有帮助,也有可能是这些儿童同时也在接受ADHD的治疗[85],这些已发表的文献也发现目前已有的证据无法支持减少食用特定食物来治疗ADHD的疗法[85]。2014年发表的文献也发现排除饮食在治疗ADHD上的成效有限[86],另一篇在2016年发表的文献指出,根据研究结果,“无麸质饮食在未来成为ADHD的标准疗法”之机率是微乎其微[87]。
铁、镁及碘等矿物质的摄取可能可以改善ADHD的症状[88],有一些证据指出身体组织内的锌成份过低和其ADHD症状有关[89],不过一般不建议用补充锌矿物质的方式来治疗ADHD,只有在有锌缺乏的地区(几乎只会在开发中国家)才建议补充锌矿物质[90]。不过若锌矿物质和苯丙胺类药物同时使用的话,会减低苯丙胺药物的最小有效剂量,也就是可以服用较少的药物而达到相同的效果[91]。另有证据指出Omega3-脂肪酸能提供对于病情些许的改善[92][93],不过也有证据指出其功效非常有限[94][95],因此不建议用Omega3-脂肪酸来取代医学治疗[96] [97]。
一些研究发现,人工食用色素或防腐剂可能与少部分儿童出现类似ADHD的症状,或者是与ADHD的流行率增加有关。[98][99]但是这些研究的证据力薄弱而且可能只适用于有食物不耐症的孩子。[99][85][100]
针对这样的疑虑,英国和欧洲联盟已经发布相关食品管理措施。[101]
对于某些食物的食物过敏或食物不耐症,可能会恶化少数孩子既有的ADHD症状。[86]
有些人认为摄取糖分、甜食、人工香料(包含:阿斯巴甜)等会导致过动[102],不过一旦回顾那些曾经比较学龄儿童和学龄前儿童的对照实验会发现,受试者即便将糖分摄取至远高于正常范围的程度,对受试者的“注意力”及“行为”并没有产生影响[103],如果将实验组成员(受试者)换成是“其父母对糖分敏感的儿童试验者”,得到的结果也相同。[104]
除此之外,美国小儿科医学会举出一个研究显示,数名被其父母认为对糖分有反应的(reactive)的男孩子,当摄取较多量的糖分时,反而会变得较不活跃。[105] 美国小儿科医学会另表示,不同研究人员通过数项比对血糖的研究,都得到ADHD患者与非ADHD患者在生活中的糖分摄取量并无不同的结论[105][106]。据此,“美国小儿科医学会”决定不建议患者透过任何“特别饮食”来治疗ADHD。[105]
MedlinePlus则表示,精致糖可能对孩子的活动量有些许 影响,MedlinePlus认为精致糖和碳水化合物能快速进入血管中,使血糖迅速升高,这可能使得孩子变得较为活跃。[102]虽然MedlinePlus不认为摄取精致糖与ADHD有直接关系,仍建议不要过量甚至建议节制精致糖的摄取,并且以更健康的饮食型态取而代之。[102]
截至2018年11月,没有任何科学证据显示糖、或甜食(包括:糖分含量远高于一般菜肴的食物)会影响人类的行为或导致ADHD[107] [105][102][108][109]。
北美放射医学会和有限的研究结果表示,音乐治疗似乎有可能改善ADHD孩子在课堂上的表现[110]、增加注意力不足过动症及自闭症或亚斯伯格症(ASD)患者的脑部特定神经连结并使得预后更加乐观[111],然而音乐治疗的有效性尚需更多相关论文支持[112][113]。
台湾精神科医师高淑芬则表示,根据经验,让ADHD患者听音乐较能持续工作,也能增加效率,但高淑芬也说,若患者是听有歌词的歌曲或新歌可能就比较不适合,因为患者可能把注意力集中到音乐的歌词上,沉浸在音乐中。[39]:117-118
Eric (2001)所做的一项对老师进行的调查,该调查研究了“有‘哪些课堂方法’正在被实施”,并能帮助提高注意力困难儿童上课时的注意力。教师们发现活动是最有效的方法。在坐的过程中提供活动可以提供持续的活动输入,而不用频繁的离开座位。 [114]
针对注意力不足过动症的学生,可以用“前事后因”方法进行教育,可在个案某个不恰当的行为出现前就调整改变外在因素(前因),或是透过奖惩后果的方式,引导个案改变行为[115]。
- 善用“前事后因”方法:
- 介入反应评估 (RTI)
学习障碍、情绪行为障碍个案的介入反应评估一般来说分为三个层次:从“一般预防”到“特殊预防”。依据行为改变术的第一、二、三层原则,给予个案所需的导引:
第一层:基本介入。基本介入的策略对其他没有ADHD的孩子也有用。
- 提供结构:建立班级常规。
- 传授技巧:遇到A的时候就要做B。以及诸如:建立生活结构的技巧、增进或弥补工作记忆的技巧、做功课的技巧。
- 团体回馈:设计有趣的课程并在学生参与课程的过程中提供充分的酬赏,如:赞美等正增强。
第二层:加强介入。对于接受基本介入后,反应效果有限的个案,提供小团体式加强。
- 调整作业份量、延后作业缴交期限、调整学生的阶段性作业进度目标。
- 设立小志工团体,例如:引介志工、安亲妈妈协助。
- 强化家庭与学校之间的连结(联系),例如:家庭访视、指派家长协助事项等、提供每周进度给家长。
- 课后辅导加强、课后留下来自习。
第三层: 第一层、第二层介入无效,通常是比较严重,问题较多的个案。
- 多元智能理论
多元智能理论认为,对于普通教育无明显效果的小朋友,特殊教育老师会去发掘小朋友的长处、调整环境的限制、透过小组讨论、作中学等方式来让学生发光发热,重新拾获信心。当孩子注意力改善,建立安全的学习环境后,基于事物的好奇的本性,孩子能重新选择自己的擅长的地方,当他的优点能被看到,孩子就能自动继续前进学习。[120][121][122][123][124]
奇美医院奖斐忠政认为,一些家长把特教老师当做免费的补习老师,要求老师全力训练ADHD儿童跟一般孩子一样,并不合适。[125]
职能治疗方面的文献建议,在教室中采用动态座位系统(参见弹性座位的教室)是可以改善学生感觉调节和注意力的一种方法。[126][127][128]
职能治疗师能协助患者运用职能治疗技巧让生活变得更有组织、规律、计画、对于时间有更有效的管理[129]。
许多时间管理中的工具可以帮助ADHD患者,例如艾森豪威尔法则[130]、优先次序矩阵、尽管去做、番茄工作法等。 Template:Off topic
一个不具名的大学教授曾表示,德怀特·艾森豪威尔说:我手中的待办事项可分为两个种类,“紧急”和“重要”,重要的事情永远不会紧急,紧急的事情不会重要。[131][132]
利用艾森豪威尔决策法则,各个待办事项可依照“重要/不重要”和“紧急/不紧急”来划分所在的决策矩阵象限[133][134][135])。
待办事项详细的区分方式如下:
- 位于“紧急且重要”的待办事项须立即亲自开始动手完成[136]。例如:危机、截止日期迫在眉睫[135]。
- 为“重要但不紧急的事情”设立完成日,并且亲自完成[136] 。例如:人际关系、订计画、休闲放松等[135]。
- “不重要但紧急”的事情可委托他人代办[136]。
- “不重要又不紧急”的事情就移除不做[136]。例如:单纯浪费时间的事情[135]。
这个方法据传是美国前总统德怀特·艾森豪威尔的日常守则。[136]
[137][138][139][140][141][142][143][144][145][146]
维基教科书中的相关电子教程:克服拖延 |
2018年4月出炉的最新文献显示,“认知行为治疗+药物治疗+正念疗法”的策略比“认知行为治疗+药物治疗”带给患者更大的进步,因此有成为未来正式治疗策略的潜力。[147] 然而单独就“认知行为治疗”和“正念疗法”相比,未服药且单独接受“认知行为治疗”或“正念疗法”的ADHD患者经过训练后,并未发现“认知行为治疗”和“正念疗法”的疗效有何差异。[148] 有鉴于前述不一致的实验结果,正念疗法尚需更多研究来证明其有效性。 [4]
ADHD的治疗方式图解:
|
- ↑ 虽然中枢神经刺激剂(methylphenidate & amphetamine)与非典型中枢神经刺激剂(atomoxetine)能改善ADHD的核心症状,但往往无法全面治愈患者在管理:时间与规划方面的困难;社交和情绪方面的自我控制[16][17][18]。 而认知行为治疗的领域中,为此再建立出专门针对改善ADHD执行功能缺陷的“ADHD认知行为治疗”[4]
- ↑ 减少环境中的分心诱因。
- ↑ 在《找回专注力 成人ADHD全方位自助手册》中,“改善ADHD症状的实用技巧与策略”涵盖:创造有助于专注的环境与内在策略、强化记忆力的妙方、时间管理、改善冲动问题与人际关系、学习表达和倾听、改善情绪、改善与亲人与情人的关系等。[39]
- ↑ 陈锦宏医师的研究发现,因 ADHD 照顾者本身为 ADHD 症状衍生功能损害的负面后果承担者,如校园冲突、学习困难,生活困难,所以本身也是压力的高风险群,ADHD 家庭研究显示, ADHD 妈妈的生活品质较差,而沮丧的妈妈较难正向协助孩子。这就产生了 ADHD 照护中的核心困难[50] [51][52][49]
- ↑ 或称心理与身体无法保持安宁。 无法专心睡觉。
- ↑ 即表示可附加在现有具备科学实证且能在统计学上达到显著意义之有效改善症状的医学疗法。
- ↑ 摄取过多的维他命可能产生健康问题。[81]例如:长期且高剂量的摄取维他命B6、维他命B12可能导致肺癌[82][83]
- ↑ Template:Cite
- ↑ Chronis, Andrea M.; Chacko, Anil; Fabiano, Gregory A.; Wymbs, Brian T.; Pelham, Jr., William E. Enhancements to the Behavioral Parent Training Paradigm for Families of Children with ADHD: Review and Future Directions. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review (Springer Nature). 2004, 7 (1): 1–27. ISSN 1096-4037. doi:10.1023/b:ccfp.0000020190.60808.a4.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Edward M. Hallowell, M.D.; John J. Ratey, M.D. 《分心也有好成績》,. 丁凡译. 台北: 远流出版社. 2006 [2016-12-09]. ISBN 9573259311.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Psychotherapy for adults with ADHD. UpToDate. [2018-02-24]. (原始内容存档于2018-02-24).
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents overview of treatment and prognosis. UpToDate. [2018-02-24]. (原始内容存档于2018-02-24).
- ↑ Turkington, Carol; Harris, Joseph. [[[:Template:Google books]] attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)] 请检查
|url=
值 (帮助). The Encyclopedia of the Brain and Brain Disorders. Infobase Publishing: 47. 2009. ISBN 978-1-4381-2703-3 –通过Google Books. - ↑ Fabiano GA, Pelham WE, Coles EK, Gnagy EM, Chronis-Tuscano A, O'Connor BC. "A meta-analysis of behavioral treatments for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder".. Clincal Psychology Rev. (systematic review). 2009-03, 29 (2): 129–140. PMID 19131150. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2008.11.001.
- ↑ Kratochvil CJ, Vaughan BS, Barker A, Corr L, Wheeler A, Madaan V. Review of pediatric attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder for the general psychiatrist. Psychiatr. Clin. North Am. 2009-03, 32 (1): 39–56. PMID 19248915. doi:10.1016/j.psc.2008.10.001.
- ↑
Guidelines May Have Helped Curb ADHD Diagnoses in Preschoolers. MedlinePlus.gov (tertiary source). HealthDay. 2016-11-15 [2017-01]. (原始内容存档于2016-12-25).
The guidelines, issued by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), called for a standardized approach to diagnosis, and recommended behavior therapy -- not drugs -- as the first-line therapy for preschoolers.
|archiveurl=
和|archive-url=
只需其一 (帮助);|accessdate=
和|access-date=
只需其一 (帮助);|archivedate=
和|archive-date=
只需其一 (帮助) - ↑ Xia, J; Merinder, LB; Belgamwar, MR. Psychoeducation for schizophrenia.. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 2011-06-15, (6): CD002831. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 417090757139 请检查
|pmc=
值 (帮助). PMID 21678337. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002831.pub2. - ↑ Xia J, Merinder LB, Belgamwar MR. Psychoeducation for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(6):CD002831
- ↑ Tay, Kay Chai Peter; Seow, Chuen Chai Dennis; Xiao, Chunxiang; Lee, Hui Min Julian; Chiu, Helen FK; Chan, Sally Wai-Chi. Structured interviews examining the burden, coping, self-efficacy, and quality of life among family caregivers of persons with dementia in Singapore. Dementia. 2016-03-01, 15 (2): 204–220. ISSN 1471-3012. doi:10.1177/1471301214522047 (英语).
- ↑ O'Leary, K. Daniel, and G. Terence Wilson. Behaviour Therapy: Application and Outcome, 7-12. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1975. Print.
- ↑ Leary, K. Behavior therapy : application and outcome. Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice-Hall. 1987. ISBN 978-0-13-073875-2. OCLC 14213289.
- ↑ 15.00 15.01 15.02 15.03 15.04 15.05 15.06 15.07 15.08 15.09 15.10 15.11 高淑芬. 家有過動兒:幫助ADHD孩子快樂成長. 台北: 心灵工坊. 2013-08-28. ISBN 9789866112805.
- ↑ Biederman, Joseph; Mick, Eric; Fried, Ronna; Wilner, Nicole; Spencer, Thomas J.; Faraone, Stephen V. Are stimulants effective in the treatment of executive function deficits? Results from a randomized double blind study of OROS-methylphenidate in adults with ADHD. European neuropsychopharmacology : the journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology (Elsevier BV). 2011, 21 (7): 508–515. ISSN 0924-977X. PMID 21303732. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2010.11.005.
- ↑ Barkley, Russell A.; Fischer, Mariellen. Predicting Impairment in Major Life Activities and Occupational Functioning in Hyperactive Children as Adults: Self-Reported Executive Function (EF) Deficits Versus EF Tests. Developmental neuropsychology (Informa UK Limited). 2011-01-31, 36 (2): 137–161. ISSN 8756-5641. PMID 21347918. doi:10.1080/87565641.2010.549877.
- ↑ Barkley, R. A.; Murphy, K. R. Impairment in Occupational Functioning and Adult ADHD: The Predictive Utility of Executive Function (EF) Ratings Versus EF Tests. Archives of clinical neuropsychology : the official journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists (Oxford University Press (OUP)). 2010-03-02, 25 (3): 157–173. ISSN 0887-6177. PMC 2858600 . PMID 20197297. doi:10.1093/arclin/acq014.
- ↑ Markowitz, JC; Svartberg, M; Swartz, HA. Is IPT time-limited psychodynamic psychotherapy?. The Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research. 1998, 7 (3): 185–95. PMC 3330506 . PMID 9631340.
- ↑ Bjornstad G, Montgomery P. Bjornstad GJ , 编. Family therapy for attention-deficit disorder or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005, (2): CD005042. PMID 15846741. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005042.pub2.
The findings from Jensen 1999 (N=579) indicate that no difference can be detected between the efficacy of behavioural family therapy and treatment as usual in the community. The finding from the available data from Horn 1991 slightly favours treatment over medication placebo. Further research examining the effectiveness of family therapy versus a no-treatment control condition is needed to determine whether family therapy is an effective intervention for children with ADHD. There were no results available from studies investigating forms of family therapy other than behavioural family therapy.
- ↑ Molina, Brooke S.G.; Hinshaw, Stephen P.; Swanson, James M.; Arnold, L. Eugene; Vitiello, Benedetto; Jensen, Peter S.; Epstein, Jeffery N.; Hoza, Betsy; Hechtman, Lily; Abikoff, Howard B.; Elliott, Glen R.; Greenhill, Laurence L.; Newcorn, Jeffrey H.; Wells, Karen C.; Wigal, Timothy; Gibbons, Robert D.; Hur, Kwan; Houck, Patricia R. The MTA at 8 Years: Prospective Follow-up of Children Treated for Combined-Type ADHD in a Multisite Study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (Elsevier BV). 2009, 48 (5): 484–500. ISSN 0890-8567. PMC 3063150 . doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e31819c23d0.
(b) multicomponent behavior therapy (Beh), which included 27-session group parent training supplemented with eight individual parent sessions, an 8-week summer treatment program, 12 weeks of classroom administered behavior therapy with a half-time aide and 10 teacher consultation sessions.
- ↑ NIMH » The Multimodal Treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Study (MTA):Questions and Answers. NIMH » Home. [2019-01-01].
Question: Why were the MTA medication treatments more effective than community treatments that also usually included medication? Answer: There were substantial differences in quality and intensity between the study-provided medication treatments and those provided in the community care group. During the first month of treatment, the MTA doctors worked hard to find the best dose of medication for each child receiving the MTA medication treatment. After this period, the children saw their MTA doctor monthly.
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 Mikami, Amori Yee. The importance of friendship for youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 2010-06, 13 (2): 181–98. PMC 2921569 . PMID 20490677. doi:10.1007/s10567-010-0067-y.
- ↑ ADHD, CHADD – The National Resource on. CHADD. Social Skills in Adults with ADHD. [2018-06-14]. (原始内容存档于2017-12-22).
- ↑ Daley, D; Van Der Oord, S; Ferrin, M; Cortese, S; Danckaerts, M; Doepfner, M; Van den Hoofdakker, BJ; Coghill, D; Thompson, M; Asherson, P; Banaschewski, T; Brandeis, D; Buitelaar, J; Dittmann, RW; Hollis, C; Holtmann, M; Konofal, E; Lecendreux, M; Rothenberger, A; Santosh, P; Simonoff, E; Soutullo, C; Steinhausen, HC; Stringaris, A; Taylor, E; Wong, ICK; Zuddas, A; Sonuga-Barke, EJ. Practitioner Review: Current best practice in the use of parent training and other behavioural interventions in the treatment of children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.. Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines. 2017-10-30. PMID 29083042. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12825.
- ↑ Positive Parenting. NIH News in Health. 2017-08-31 [2017-11-01]. (原始内容存档于2017-11-07).
- ↑ Can Adults With ADHD Really Change?. Psychology Today. 2016-06-01 [2017-11-02].
- ↑ Fabiano, Gregory A. Father participation in behavioral parent training for ADHD: Review and recommendations for increasing inclusion and engagement.. Journal of family psychology : JFP : journal of the Division of Family Psychology of the American Psychological Association (Division 43) (American Psychological Association (APA)). 2007, 21 (4): 683–693. ISSN 1939-1293. PMID 18179340. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.21.4.683.
- ↑ Thijssen, J; Vink, G; Muris, P; de Ruiter, C. The Effectiveness of Parent Management Training—Oregon Model in Clinically Referred Children with Externalizing Behavior Problems in The Netherlands. Child psychiatry and human development (Springer Nature). 2016-06-15, 48 (1): 136–150. ISSN 0009-398X. PMC 5243899 . PMID 27306883. doi:10.1007/s10578-016-0660-5.
|year=
与|date=
不匹配 (帮助) - ↑ Chronis-Tuscano, Andrea; Wang, Christine H.; Woods, Kelsey E.; Strickland, Jennifer; Stein, Mark A. Parent ADHD and Evidence-Based Treatment for Their Children: Review and Directions for Future Research. Journal of abnormal child psychology (Springer Nature). 2016-12-26, 45 (3): 501–517. ISSN 0091-0627. PMC 5357146 . PMID 28025755. doi:10.1007/s10802-016-0238-5.
|year=
与|date=
不匹配 (帮助) - ↑ Montgomery, Charles. Role of dynamic group therapy in psychiatry. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment. January 2002, 8 (1): 34–41. doi:10.1192/apt.8.1.34. (原始内容存档于2018-04-01).
- ↑ Cortese, S; Ferrin, M; Brandeis, D; Holtmann, M; Aggensteiner, P; Daley, D; Santosh, P; Simonoff, E; Stevenson, J; Stringaris, A; Sonuga-Barke, EJ; European ADHD Guidelines Group, (EAGG). Neurofeedback for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Meta-Analysis of Clinical and Neuropsychological Outcomes From Randomized Controlled Trials.. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2016-06, 55 (6): 444–55. PMID 27238063. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2016.03.007.
- ↑ 衛生福利部中央健保署 函. tscap.org.tw. 2014-02-11. (原始内容存档于2017-12-03).
- ↑ Baer, D.M.; Wolf, M.M. & Risley, T.R. Some current dimensions of applied behavior analysis. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis. 1968, 1 (1): 91–97. PMC 1310980 . PMID 16795165. doi:10.1901/jaba.1968.1-91.
- ↑ See also footnote number "(1)" of [and the whole "What is ABA?" section of] «Olive, Dr. Melissa. What is ABA?. Applied Behavioral Strategies. [2015-10-06]. (原始内容存档于2015-10-06). », where the same definition is given, (or quoted), and it credits (or mentions) both [i] the source "Baer, Wolf & Risley, 1968" and [ii] another source, called "Sulzer-Azaroff & Mayer, 1991"
- ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 杨碧桃 教授. 成人 ADHD 患者之治療 (PDF). 国立屏东教育大学特殊教育学系 (国立屏东大学). 屏师特殊教育(旧称). 2004-5, 8: 4-5 [2018-7-23]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2018-07-23).
- ↑ Marková, IS; Berrios, GE. The meaning of insight in clinical psychiatry.. The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science. 1992, 160: 850–60. ISSN 0007-1250. PMID 1617369.
- ↑ 李舒中. 精神疾病「病識感」(insight)的社會分析: 一個民族誌的觀察 (PDF). 考古人类学刊. 2010. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2017). 参数
|journal=
与模板{{cite web}}
不匹配(建议改用{{cite journal}}
或|website=
) (帮助);|issue=
被忽略 (帮助) - ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 39.3 39.4 39.5 39.6 高淑芬. 找回專注力:成人ADHD全方位自助手冊. 台北: 心灵工坊. 2016-05-09 [2016-12-12]. ISBN 9789863570592 (中文(台湾)).
- ↑ Safren, Steven. Mastering your adult ADHD : a cognitive-behavioral treatment program : therapist guide. New York: Oxford University Press. 2017. ISBN 978-0-19-023558-1. OCLC 983786200.
- ↑ Solanto, Mary. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for adult ADHD : targeting executive dysfunction. New York: Guilford Press. 2011. ISBN 978-1-4625-0963-8. OCLC 663954234.
- ↑ UpToDate. UpToDate. [2018-03-07]. (原始内容存档于2018-02-24).
- ↑ NIMH » Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder >> Tips to Help Kids and Adults with ADHD Stay Organized. NIMH » Home. [2018-07-22]. (原始内容存档于2016-12-29). 参数
|title=
值左起第51位存在换行符 (帮助) - ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 Edward M. Hallowell & John J. Ratey. 分心不是我的錯(增訂版):正確診療ADD,重建有計畫的生活方式 Driven to Distraction. 远流出版. 2015-09-01 [2017-06-27]. ISBN 978-957-32-7700-2.
- ↑ ADHD-treatment. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2017-04-11 [2017-04-23]. (原始内容存档于2017-04-23).
- ↑ 高淑芬. 家有过动儿:帮助ADHD孩子快乐成长. 台北: 心灵工坊. 2013-08-28. ISBN 9789866112805."家庭是ADHD孩子最重要的行为治疗场域,更是支撑他们好好长大的关键。父母的支持能帮助孩子有勇气面对困难,度过辛苦的学习过程。 身为父母,全心全意爱孩子是最基本的态度,一定要打从心里认定:“我无条件爱我的孩子,如果连我都不愿意帮助他,还有谁能帮他?我绝对不会放弃他,也不会放弃希望。我愿意陪孩子一起努力!” 唯有让孩子们在充满安全感和接纳的环境中长大,他们才能够好好接受治疗。"
- ↑ 高淑芬. 家有过动儿:帮助ADHD孩子快乐成长. 台北: 心灵工坊. 2013-08-28. ISBN 9789866112805."无论如何,父母必须用“爱心、同理心”对待孩子并理解孩子在面对日常生活小事时所遇到的困难。多与孩子沟通,不要自以为知道孩子们在想什么。愿意把时间投资在促进亲子关系上。不应该骂人,更不应该见到孩子劈头就骂。这些种种将阻断与孩子沟通的路。放下责备与自以为是后,父母和孩子往往将明白彼此之间有很多的误会与泪水,需要厘清,更需要彼此的拥抱。"
- ↑ Vincent Chin-Hung Chen, Duujian Tsai. ADHD Family Support Group: A Hospital-based Model in Taiwan.. International Journal of Child. Development and Mental Health. 2013-9, 2 (1): 21-29. (原始内容存档于2018-08-30).
- ↑ 49.0 49.1 Lee, Pei-chin; Niew, Wern-ing; Yang, Hao-jan; Chen, Vincent Chin-hung; Lin, Keh-chung. A meta-analysis of behavioral parent training for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Research in Developmental Disabilities (Elsevier BV). 2012, 33 (6): 2040–2049. ISSN 0891-4222. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2012.05.011.
- ↑ Chen, Vincent Chin-Hung; Yeh, Chin-Jung; Lee, Tzu-Chi; Chou, Jen-Yu; Shao, Wen-Chuan; Shih, Ding-Ho; Chen, Chun-Ing; Lee, Pei-Chin. Symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and quality of life of mothers of school-aged children: The roles of child, mother, and family variables. The Kaohsiung journal of medical sciences (Elsevier BV). 2014, 30 (12): 631–638. ISSN 1607-551X. PMID 25476102. doi:10.1016/j.kjms.2014.09.001.
- ↑ Vincent Chin-Hung Chen, Pei-chin Lee, Duujian Tsai. A common link between clinical practice and research: the ADHD model for Central Taiwan. International Journal of Child. Development and Mental Health. 2014 Aug, 2 (2): 36-43.
- ↑ Lee, Pei-chin; Lin, Keh-chung; Robson, Deborah; Yang, Hao-jan; Chen, Vincent Chin-hung; Niew, Wern-ing. Parent–child interaction of mothers with depression and their children with ADHD. Research in Developmental Disabilities (Elsevier BV). 2013, 34 (1): 656–668. ISSN 0891-4222. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2012.09.009.
- ↑ 53.0 53.1 Behavior Therapy - ADHD - NCBDDD. CDC. 2017-04-19 [2017-11-01]. (原始内容存档于2017-12-09).
- ↑ 中央社. 父母陪伴少品質差 孩子心理健康亮紅燈│TVBS新聞網. TVBS. 2017-05-12 [2017-07-17]. (原始内容存档于2018-03-07) (中文).
- ↑ 55.0 55.1 奖斐忠政. 如何治療 #慣性說謊?. Facebook. 2018-2-12 [2018-7-31]. (原始内容存档于2018-7-31).
- ↑ Chen MY, Wang EK, Jeng YJ. Adequate sleep among adolescents is positively associated with health status and health-related behaviors.. BMC Public Health. 2006, 6: 59. PMC 1447528 . PMID 16524482. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-6-59.
- ↑ Tai SY, Wang WF, Yang YH. Current status of sleep quality in Taiwan: a nationwide walk-in survey.. Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2015, 14: 36. PMC 4630925 . PMID 26535047. doi:10.1186/s12991-015-0078-7.
- ↑ Taiwan study: How much sleep do children need?. BBC. 2014-05-04 [2017-04-24]. (原始内容存档于2017-04-24).
- ↑ Yen CF, Ko CH, Yen JY, Cheng CP. The multidimensional correlates associated with short nocturnal sleep duration and subjective insomnia among Taiwanese adolescents.. Sleep. 2008, 31 (11): 1515–25. PMC 2579980 . PMID 19014071.
- ↑ Tsai MH, Hsu JF, Huang YS. Sleep Problems in Children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Current Status of Knowledge and Appropriate Management.. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2016, 18 (8): 76. PMID 27357497. doi:10.1007/s11920-016-0711-4.
- ↑ Gau SS, Chiang HL. Sleep problems and disorders among adolescents with persistent and sub-threshold attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders.. Sleep. 2009, 32 (5): 671–9. PMC 2675902 . PMID 19480234.
- ↑ Gau SS, Soong WT, Merikangas KR. Correlates of sleep-wake patterns among children and young adolescents in Taiwan.. Sleep. 2004, 27 (3): 512–9. PMID 15164908.
- ↑ Huang YS, Chen NH, Li HY, Wu YY, Chao CC, Guilleminault C. Sleep disorders in Taiwanese children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.. J Sleep Res. 2004, 13 (3): 269–77. PMID 15339263. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2869.2004.00408.x.
- ↑ 64.0 64.1 64.2 Hiscock, H.; Sciberras, E.; Mensah, F.; Gerner, B.; Efron, D.; Khano, S.; Oberklaid, F. Impact of a behavioural sleep intervention on symptoms and sleep in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and parental mental health: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2015, 350 (jan20 1): h68–h68. ISSN 1756-1833. doi:10.1136/bmj.h68.
- ↑ Kooij, SJ; Bejerot, S; Blackwell, A; Caci, H; Casas-Brugué, M; Carpentier, PJ; Edvinsson, D; Fayyad, J; Foeken, K; Fitzgerald, M; Gaillac, V; Ginsberg, Y; Henry, C; Krause, J; Lensing, MB; Manor, I; Niederhofer, H; Nunes-Filipe, C; Ohlmeier, MD; Oswald, P; Pallanti, S; Pehlivanidis, A; Ramos-Quiroga, JA; Rastam, M; Ryffel-Rawak, D; Stes, S; Asherson, P. European consensus statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD: The European Network Adult ADHD. BMC Psychiatry. 2010-09-03, 10: 67. PMC 2942810 . PMID 20815868. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-10-67. Template:Open access
- ↑ Stein MA, Weiss M, Hlavaty L. ADHD treatments, sleep, and sleep problems: complex associations.. Neurotherapeutics. 2012, 9 (3): 509–17. PMC 3441938 . PMID 22718078. doi:10.1007/s13311-012-0130-0.
- ↑ Hvolby A. Associations of sleep disturbance with ADHD: implications for treatment.. Atten Defic Hyperact Disord. 2015, 7 (1): 1–18. PMC 4340974 . PMID 25127644. doi:10.1007/s12402-014-0151-0.
The interrelationships are further complicated by the use of psychostimulant medications to treat ADHD, which impair sleep in some patients (Spruyt and Gozal 2011) but paradoxically (Bradley 1937) improve sleep in others via a calming effect (Jerome 2001; Kinsbourne 1973; Kooij et al. 2001; Kratochvil et al. 2005).
- ↑ 68.0 68.1 ADHD, Sleep and Sleep Disorders | CHADD. [2018-06-07]. (原始内容存档于2018-02-01).
- ↑ Corkum, Penny; Tannock, Rosemary; Moldofsky, Harvey. Sleep Disturbances in Children With Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 1998, 37 (6): 637–646. ISSN 0890-8567. doi:10.1097/00004583-199806000-00014.
- ↑ Penny Williams. A Good Night’s Sleep Helps Children with ADHD. HealthLine news. 2015-03-05 [2017-05-02]. (原始内容存档于2016-04-12).
- ↑
Chamorro M, Lara JP, Insa I, Espadas M, Alda-Diez JA. [Evaluation and treatment of sleep problems in children diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: an update of the evidence].. Rev Neurol. 2017, 64 (9): 413–421. PMID 28444684.
CONCLUSIONS: It is important to evaluate sleep in children who present symptoms suggestive of ADHD, since problems during sleep can play a causal role or exacerbate the clinical features of ADHD. Correct evaluation and treatment of sleep disorders increase the family's and the child's quality of life and can lessen the severity of the symptoms of ADHD.
- ↑ 72.0 72.1 72.2 72.3 72.4 Den Heijer AE, Groen Y, Tucha L, Fuermaier AB, Koerts J, Lange KW, Thome J, Tucha O. Sweat it out? The effects of physical exercise on cognition and behavior in children and adults with ADHD: a systematic literature review. J. Neural. Transm. (Vienna) (systematic review (secondary source)). 2016-07. PMID 27400928. doi:10.1007/s00702-016-1593-7.
- ↑ Kamp CF, Sperlich B, Holmberg HC. Exercise reduces the symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and improves social behaviour, motor skills, strength and neuropsychological parameters. Acta Paediatr. 2014-07, 103 (7): 709–14. PMID 24612421. doi:10.1111/apa.12628.
- ↑ 74.0 74.1 Kamp, Carolin Friederike; Sperlich, Billy; Holmberg, Hans-Christer. Exercise reduces the symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and improves social behaviour, motor skills, strength and neuropsychological parameters. Acta Paediatr. 2014-07-01, 103 (7): 709–714. doi:10.1111/apa.12628. (原始内容存档于2017-02-16) –通过Wiley Online Library.
- ↑ 75.0 75.1 Rommel, Anna-Sophie; Halperin, Jeffrey M.; Mill, Jonathan; Asherson, Philip; Kuntsi, Jonna. Protection from genetic diathesis in ADHD: Possible complementary roles of exercise. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2017-02-16, 52 (9): 900–910. PMC 4257065 . PMID 23972692. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2013.05.018 –通过PubMed Central.
- ↑ Prescribing exercise for adults. UpToDate. [2018-07-15]. (原始内容存档于2018-07-16).
|accessdate=
和|access-date=
只需其一 (帮助) - ↑ Suwabe, Kazuya; Byun, Kyeongho; Hyodo, Kazuki; Reagh, Zachariah M.; Roberts, Jared M.; Matsushita, Akira; Saotome, Kousaku; Ochi, Genta; Fukuie, Takemune; Suzuki, Kenji; Sankai, Yoshiyuki; Yassa, Michael A.; Soya, Hideaki. Rapid stimulation of human dentate gyrus function with acute mild exercise. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences). 2018-09-24: 201805668. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 30249651. doi:10.1073/pnas.1805668115.
- ↑ Rucklidge, Julia J.; Johnstone, Jeanette; Gorman, Brigette; Boggis, Anna; Frampton, Christopher M. Moderators of treatment response in adults with ADHD treated with a vitamin–mineral supplement. Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry (Elsevier BV). 2014-04-03, 50: 163–171. ISSN 0278-5846. PMID 24374068. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.12.014.
- ↑
Helen Briggs. Vitamins ‘effective in treating ADHD symptoms’. BBC News. 2014-01-30 [2017-04-13]. (原始内容存档于2017-04-14).
After eight weeks of treatment those on supplements reported greater improvements in both their inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity compared with those taking the placebo. "Our study provides preliminary evidence of the effectiveness for micronutrients in the treatment of ADHD symptoms in adults," said Prof Julia Rucklidge, who led the study.
- ↑ Rucklidge, Julia J.; Eggleston, Matthew J.F.; Johnstone, Jeanette M.; Darling, Kathryn; Frampton, Chris M. Vitamin-mineral treatment improves aggression and emotional regulation in children with ADHD: a fully blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines (Wiley). 2017-10-02, 59 (3): 232–246. ISSN 0021-9630. PMID 28967099. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12817.
|year=
与|date=
不匹配 (帮助) - ↑ Vitamins: MedlinePlus. MedlinePlus. 2017-10-06 [2017-11-02]. (原始内容存档于2017-11-07).
- ↑ Long-Term, High-Dose Vitamin B6/B12 Use Associated With Increased Lung Cancer Risk Among Men. The James - OSUCCC. 2017-08-22 [2017-11-02]. (原始内容存档于2017-09-08).
- ↑ Brasky, Theodore M.; White, Emily; Chen, Chi-Ling. Long-Term, Supplemental, One-Carbon Metabolism–Related Vitamin B Use in Relation to Lung Cancer Risk in the Vitamins and Lifestyle (VITAL) Cohort. Journal of Clinical Oncology (American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO)). 2017-10-20, 35 (30): 3440–3448. ISSN 0732-183X. doi:10.1200/jco.2017.72.7735.
- ↑ Nigg JT, Lewis K, Edinger T, Falk M. Meta-analysis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms, restriction diet, and synthetic food color additives. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. January 2012, 51 (1): 86–97. PMID 22176942. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2011.10.015.
- ↑ 85.0 85.1 85.2 85.3 Sonuga-Barke EJ, Brandeis D, Cortese S, Daley D, Ferrin M, Holtmann M, Stevenson J, Danckaerts M, van der Oord S, Döpfner M, Dittmann RW, Simonoff E, Zuddas A, Banaschewski T, Buitelaar J, Coghill D, Hollis C, Konofal E, Lecendreux M, Wong IC, Sergeant J. Nonpharmacological interventions for ADHD: systematic review and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials of dietary and psychological treatments. Am J Psychiatry. 2013-03, 170 (3): 275–289. PMID 23360949. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12070991.
Free fatty acid supplementation and artificial food color exclusions appear to have beneficial effects on ADHD symptoms, although the effect of the former are small and those of the latter may be limited to ADHD patients with food sensitivities...
- ↑ 86.0 86.1 Nigg JT, Holton K. Restriction and elimination diets in ADHD treatment. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am (Review). 2014-10, 23 (4): 937–53. PMC 4322780 . PMID 25220094. doi:10.1016/j.chc.2014.05.010.
an elimination diet produces a small aggregate effect but may have greater benefit among some children. Very few studies enable proper evaluation of the likelihood of response in children with ADHD who are not already preselected based on prior diet response.
- ↑ Ertürk, E; Wouters, S; Imeraj, L; Lampo, A. Association of ADHD and Celiac Disease: What Is the Evidence? A Systematic Review of the Literature.. Journal of Attention Disorders (Review). 2016-01-29. PMID 26825336. doi:10.1177/1087054715611493.
- ↑ Konikowska K, Regulska-Ilow B, Rózańska D. The influence of components of diet on the symptoms of ADHD in children. Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig. 2012, 63 (2): 127–134. PMID 22928358.
- ↑ Arnold LE, DiSilvestro RA. Zinc in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology. 2005, 15 (4): 619–27. PMID 16190793. doi:10.1089/cap.2005.15.619.
- ↑ Bloch, MH; Mulqueen, J. Nutritional supplements for the treatment of ADHD.. Child and adolescent psychiatric clinics of North America. 2014-10, 23 (4): 883–97. PMID 25220092. doi:10.1016/j.chc.2014.05.002.
- ↑ Krause J. SPECT and PET of the dopamine transporter in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Expert Rev. Neurother. 2008-04, 8 (4): 611–625. PMID 18416663. doi:10.1586/14737175.8.4.611.
Zinc binds at ... extracellular sites of the DAT [103], serving as a DAT inhibitor. In this context, controlled double-blind studies in children are of interest, which showed positive effects of zinc [supplementation] on symptoms of ADHD [105,106]. It should be stated that at this time [supplementation] with zinc is not integrated in any ADHD treatment algorithm.
- ↑ Chang, Jane Pei-Chen; Su, Kuan-Pin; Mondelli, Valeria; Pariante, Carmine M. Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Youths with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials and Biological Studies. Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology (Springer Nature). 2017-07-25, 43 (3): 534–545. ISSN 0893-133X. PMC 566946473458 请检查
|pmc=
值 (帮助). PMID 28741625. doi:10.1038/npp.2017.160.|year=
与|date=
不匹配 (帮助) - ↑ Richardson, Alexandra J.; Burton, Jennifer R.; Sewell, Richard P.; Spreckelsen, Thees F.; Montgomery, Paul. Scott, James G. , 编. Docosahexaenoic Acid for Reading, Cognition and Behavior in Children Aged 7–9 Years: A Randomized, Controlled Trial (The DOLAB Study). PLoS ONE (Public Library of Science (PLoS)). 2012-09-06, 7 (9): e43909. ISSN 1932-6203. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0043909.
- ↑ Omega Fish oils don't improve school children's reading skills or memory, study finds. birmingham.ac.uk. 2018-03-02 [2018-03-14].
- ↑ Montgomery, Paul; Spreckelsen, Thees F.; Burton, Alice; Burton, Jennifer R.; Richardson, Alexandra J. van Wouwe, Jacobus P. , 编. Docosahexaenoic acid for reading, working memory and behavior in UK children aged 7-9: A randomized controlled trial for replication (the DOLAB II study). PLOS ONE (Public Library of Science (PLoS)). 2018-02-20, 13 (2): e0192909. ISSN 1932-6203. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0192909.
- ↑ Bloch MH, Qawasmi A. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation for the treatment of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptomatology: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011-10, 50 (10): 991–1000. PMC 3625948 . PMID 21961774. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2011.06.008.
- ↑ Königs A, Kiliaan AJ. Critical appraisal of omega-3 fatty acids in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder treatment. Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat. July 2016, 12: 1869–1882. PMC 4968854 . PMID 27555775. doi:10.2147/NDT.S68652.
- ↑ NIMH. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (Easy-to-Read). National Institute of Mental Health. 2013 [17 April 2016]. (原始内容存档于14 April 2016). 已忽略未知参数
|df=
(帮助) - ↑ 99.0 99.1 Millichap JG, Yee MM. The diet factor in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics. February 2012, 129 (2): 330–7. PMID 22232312. doi:10.1542/peds.2011-2199. (原始内容存档于11 September 2015). 已忽略未知参数
|df=
(帮助) - ↑ Tomaska LD, Brooke-Taylor S. Food Additives – General. Motarjemi Y, Moy GG, Todd EC (编). Encyclopedia of Food Safety 3 1st. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Academic Press: [[[:Template:Google books]] 449]–54. 2014. ISBN 978-0-12-378613-5. OCLC 865335120.
- ↑ FDA, Background Document for the Food Advisory Committee: Certified Color Additives in Food and Possible Association with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children (PDF), U.S. Food and Drug Administration, March 2011, (原始内容存档 (PDF)于6 November 2015) 已忽略未知参数
|df=
(帮助) - ↑ 102.0 102.1 102.2 102.3 Hyperactivity and sugar: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. MedlinePlus. 2018-07-09 [2018-07-13]. (原始内容存档于2017-12-23).
- In some cases, a special diet of foods without artificial flavors or colors works for a child, because the family and the child interact in a different way when the child eliminates these foods. These changes, not the diet itself, may improve the behavior and activity level.
- Refined (processed) sugars may have some effect on children's activity. Refined sugars and carbohydrates enter the bloodstream quickly. Therefore, they cause rapid changes in blood sugar levels. This may make a child become more active.
- Several studies have shown a link between artificial colorings and hyperactivity. On the other hand, other studies do not show any effect. This issue is yet to be decided. 参数
|quote=
值左起第7位存在换行符 (帮助)
- ↑ Kanarek, RB. Does sucrose or aspartame cause hyperactivity in children?. Nutrition reviews. 1994, 52 (5): 173–5. ISSN 0029-6643. PMID 8052458.
- ↑ Krummel, Debra A.; Seligson, Frances H.; Guthrie, Helen A.; Gans, Dian A. Hyperactivity: Is candy causal?. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition (Informa UK Limited). 1996, 36 (1-2): 31–47. ISSN 1040-8398. doi:10.1080/10408399609527717.
- ↑ 105.0 105.1 105.2 105.3 American Academy of Pediatrics. Allergies and Hyperactivity. HealthyChildren.org. 2018-07-13 [2018-07-13]. (原始内容存档于2017-12-21).
- ↑ Dietz, William. Nutrition : what every parent needs to know. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics. 2012. ISBN 978-1-58110-631-2. OCLC 767736204.
- ↑ Wolraich, Mark L. The Effect of Sugar on Behavior or Cognition in Children. JAMA (American Medical Association (AMA)). 1995-11-22, 274 (20): 1617. ISSN 0098-7484. doi:10.1001/jama.1995.03530200053037.
The meta-analytic synthesis of the studies to date found that sugar does not affect the behavior or cognitive performance of children. The strong belief of parents may be due to expectancy and common association. However, a small effect of sugar or effects on subsets of children cannot be ruled out.(JAMA. 1995;274:1617-1621)
- ↑ Busting the Sugar-Hyperactivity Myth. WebMD. 2018-04-05 [2018-07-13]. (原始内容存档于2018-02-22).
- ↑ Hyperactivity and sugar: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. MedlinePlus. 2018-07-09 [2018-07-13]. (原始内容存档于2017-12-23).
Recommendations There are many reasons to limit the sugar a child has other than the effect on activity level.
- A diet high in sugar is a major cause of tooth decay.
- High-sugar foods tend to have fewer vitamins and minerals. These foods may replace foods with more nutrition. High-sugar foods also have extra calories that can lead to obesity.
- Some people have allergies to dyes and flavors. If a child has a diagnosed allergy, talk to a dietitian.
- Add fiber to your child's diet to keep blood sugar levels more even. For breakfast, fiber is found in oatmeal, shredded wheat, berries, bananas, whole-grain pancakes. For lunch, fiber is found in whole-grain breads, peaches, grapes, and other fresh fruits.
- Provide "quiet time" so that children can learn to calm themselves at home.
- Talk to your health care provider if your child cannot sit still when other children of his or her age can, or cannot control impulses. 参数
|quote=
值左起第16位存在换行符 (帮助)
- ↑ DJ, Rickson. Instructional and improvisational models of music therapy with adolescents who have attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a comparison o... - PubMed. NCBI. 2018-12-27 [2018-12-27].
- ↑ Rick Nauert PhD. Music Lessons May Help Kids with Autism & ADHD. psychcentral.com. the Radiological Society of North America (RSNA). 2016-11-23 [2017-01]. (原始内容存档于2016-11-30).
A new imaging study suggests taking music lessons increases brain fiber connections in children. As such, the training may be useful in treating autism and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), according to researchers from the Radiological Society of North America (RSNA).
- ↑ Carrer, Luiz Rogério Jorgensen. Music and Sound in Time Processing of Children with ADHD. Frontiers in psychiatry (Frontiers Media SA). 2015-09-28, 6. ISSN 1664-0640. PMC 4585247 . PMID 26441688. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00127.
- ↑ NA, Jackson. A survey of music therapy methods and their role in the treatment of early elementary school children with ADHD. - PubMed. NCBI. 2018-12-27 [2018-12-27].
- ↑ Eric (2001)
- ↑ 国立台湾师范大学特殊教育学系; 教育部特殊教育工作小组. 中華民國注意力缺陷過動症學生學校特殊教育輔導手冊 (PDF). — (台湾). 2001-06 [2018-07-19]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2018-07-19).
- ↑ 锜宝香. 特殊需求兒童的語言學習問題與語言教學 (PDF). 国立台北教育大学特教系. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2018-12-15).
- ↑ 许婷婷. 採納教學後反應評準對學習障礙鑑定的 影響:區辨效度和發生率 (PDF). 曾世杰. 国立台东大学特殊教育学系硕士班 硕士论文. 2011-06. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2018-12-15).
- ↑ 张世彗. 學習障礙學生的教學與趨向 (PDF). 国小特殊教育. 2009 年 6 月, 第 47 期: 1-13 页. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2018-12-15).
- ↑ 陈姿谕/彰化县管屿国小资源班教师. 從介入反應模式(RTI)談普通班教師與特教教師之協同合作. 全国特殊教育资讯网. 2018-12-15 [2018-12-15] (中文).
|issue=
被忽略 (帮助) - ↑ Gordon, Lynn Melby. "Gardner, Howard (1943–)." Encyclopedia of Human Development. Ed. Neil J. Salkind. Vol. 2. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Reference, 2006. 552-553. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 27 Oct. 2014.
- ↑ McKenzie, Walter. Multiple intelligences and instructional technology. Eugene, Or: International Society for Technology in Education. 2005. ISBN 1-56484-188-X. OCLC 712621303.
- ↑ Gardner, Howard. Interpersonal Communication amongst Multiple Subjects: A Study in Redundancy. Experimental Psychology. 2002.
- ↑ Gilman, Lynn. The Theory of Multiple Intelligences. Indiana University. 2012 [2008] [14 November 2012]. (原始内容存档于25 November 2012).
- ↑ Gottfredson, L. S. Social Consequences of Group Differences in Cognitive Ability (Consequencias sociais das diferencas de grupo em habilidade cognitiva). Flores-Mendoza, C. E.; Colom, R. (编). Introducau a psicologia das diferencas individuais. ArtMed Publishers. 2006: 433–456. ISBN 978-8536314181.
- ↑ 奖斐忠政. 對事情不感興趣怎麼辦?. Facebook. [2018-07-28]. (原始内容存档于2018-7-29) (中文(台湾)).
- ↑ Kimball, L; Randolph, ML; Diel, D; Rowland, K. Planning, coaching, education: a big payoff.. Aspen's advisor for nurse executives. 1999, 14 (4): 9–12. ISSN 0883-9743. PMID 10067466.
- ↑ L, Kimball; A, Eunice. PubMed. NCBI. 1999-10-28 [2017-10-24]. (原始内容存档于2018-01-25).
- ↑ Pfeiffer B, Henry A, Miller S, Witherell S. Effectiveness of Disc 'O' Sit cushions on attention to task in second-grade students with attention difficulties.. Am J Occup Ther. 2008, 62 (3): 274–81. PMID 18557003.
- ↑ Occupational Therapy for Children With ADHD. WebMD. 2017-05-10 [2017-08-09]. (原始内容存档于2017-08-09).
- ↑ Rollins, Katy. The Motivational Matrix. ADDitude. 2013-10-27 [2019-01-27].
- ↑ Dwight D. Eisenhower. Address at the Second Assembly of the World Council of Churches. August 19, 1954. (原始内容存档于2015-04-02).
Evanston, Illinois. (retrieved 31 March 2015.)
- ↑ Background on the Eisenhower quote and citations to how it was picked up in media references afterwards are detailed in: Garson O’Toole (May 9, 2014), Category Archives: Dwight D. Eisenhower 互联网档案馆的存档,存档日期2015-03-20., Quote Investigator. (retrieved 31 March 2015).
- ↑ Fowler, Nina. App of the week: Eisenhower, the to-do list to keep you on task. Venture Village. September 5, 2012.
- ↑ Drake Baer (April 10, 2014), "Dwight Eisenhower Nailed A Major Insight About Productivity" 互联网档案馆的存档,存档日期2015-04-02., Business Insider, (accessed 31 March 2015)
- ↑ 135.0 135.1 135.2 135.3 McKay; Brett; Kate. The Eisenhower Decision Matrix: How to Distinguish Between Urgent and Important Tasks and Make Real Progress in Your Life. A Man's Life, Personal Development. October 23, 2013 [2014-03-22]. (原始内容存档于2014-03-22).
- ↑ 136.0 136.1 136.2 136.3 136.4 The Eisenhower Method. fluent-time-management.com. (原始内容存档于2014-03-03).
- ↑ Reimann, Renate. Beyond procrastination : how to stop postponing your life. Brooklyn, NY: Fresh Life Coaching. 2015. ISBN 1-939195-00-4. OCLC 923848254.
- ↑ Solanto, Mary V. The Prevalence of “Late-Onset” ADHD in a Clinically Referred Adult Sample. Journal of attention disorders (SAGE Publications). 2018-04-09: 108705471876567. ISSN 1087-0547. PMID 29629842. doi:10.1177/1087054718765672.
- ↑ Appfluence. [/ Best Adhd App for Adult of 2016, 2017, 2018] 请检查
|url=
值 (帮助). Appfluence. 2019-01-27 [2019-01-27]. - ↑ Solanto, Mary V.; Surman, Craig B.; Alvir, Jose Ma. J. The efficacy of cognitive–behavioral therapy for older adults with ADHD: a randomized controlled trial. Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorders (Springer Nature America, Inc). 2018-02-28, 10 (3): 223–235. ISSN 1866-6116. PMID 29492784. doi:10.1007/s12402-018-0253-1.
- ↑ Solanto, Mary V.; Marks, David J.; Wasserstein, Jeanette; Mitchell, Katherine; Abikoff, Howard; Alvir, Jose Ma. J.; Kofman, Michele D. Efficacy of Meta-Cognitive Therapy for Adult ADHD. The American journal of psychiatry (American Psychiatric Publishing). 2010, 167 (8): 958–968. ISSN 0002-953X. PMC 3633586439495 请检查
|pmc=
值 (帮助). PMID 20231319. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09081123. - ↑ Solanto, Mary V.; Marks, David J.; Mitchell, Katherine J.; Wasserstein, Jeanette; Kofman, Michele D. Development of a New Psychosocial Treatment for Adult ADHD. Journal of attention disorders (SAGE Publications). 2007-05-10, 11 (6): 728–736. ISSN 1087-0547. PMID 17712167. doi:10.1177/1087054707305100.
|year=
与|date=
不匹配 (帮助) - ↑ Goodman, David W.; Lasser, Robert A.; Babcock, Thomas; Pucci, Michael L.; Solanto, Mary V. Managing ADHD across the Lifespan in the Primary Care Setting. Postgraduate medicine (Informa UK Limited). 2011, 123 (5): 14–26. ISSN 0032-5481. PMID 21904083. doi:10.3810/pgm.2011.09.2456.
- ↑ Solanto, Mary V. Commentary: Development of a new, much-needed, cognitive-behavioral intervention for adolescents with ADHD - a reflection on Sprich et al. (2016). Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines (Wiley). 2016-10-19, 57 (11): 1227–1228. ISSN 0021-9630. PMID 27804159. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12629.
- ↑ Solanto, MV; Lewitter, M. The delayed response task for ADD children.. Psychopharmacology bulletin. 1987, 23 (2): 283–5. ISSN 0048-5764. PMID 3615776.
- ↑ Solanto, Mary V. Child vs Adult Onset of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. JAMA psychiatry (American Medical Association (AMA)). 2017-04-01, 74 (4): 421. ISSN 2168-622X. PMID 28199462. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.2741.
- ↑ Janssen, Lotte; Kan, Cornelis C.; Carpentier, Pieter J.; Sizoo, Bram; Hepark, Sevket; Schellekens, Melanie P.J.; Donders, A. Rogier T.; Buitelaar, Jan K.; Speckens, Anne E.M. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy v. treatment as usual in adults with ADHD: a multicentre, single-blind, randomised controlled trial. Psychological medicine (Cambridge University Press (CUP)). 2018-02-28: 1–11. ISSN 0033-2917. PMID 29486807. doi:10.1017/s0033291718000429.
- ↑ Hoxhaj, E.; Sadohara, C.; Borel, P.; D’Amelio, R.; Sobanski, E.; Müller, H.; Feige, B.; Matthies, S.; Philipsen, Alexandra. Mindfulness vs psychoeducation in adult ADHD: a randomized controlled trial. European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience (Springer Nature). 2018-01-22. ISSN 0940-1334. PMID 29356899. doi:10.1007/s00406-018-0868-4.